What drugs trigger autophagy?

Autophagy can be induced by drugs that decrease inositol or inositol IP3, such as lithium by IMPase, and carbamazepine and sodium valproate via impairment of inositol synthesis.

How is autophagy inhibited?

Quinacrine also known as mepacrine which is a synthetic antimalarial drug belonging to the quinoline-based drugs class and have been demonstrated to inhibit autophagy at late stage (Golden et al., 2015).

Does rapamycin induce autophagy?

Rapamycin is a potent inducer of autophagy in a diverse range of cell lines from yeast to mammalian cells tested to date, including neuron-like cells. However, its downstream targets that regulate autophagy are still unknown in mammalian cells.

Does metformin induce autophagy?

Metformin, a biguanide anti-diabetic drug, is able to trigger autophagy by AMPK activation and subsequent inhibition of mTOR, which is one of major inhibitor of the autophagic flux14.

What is autophagy activator?

Activators of AMPK activate autophagy. AMPK, the main sensor of intracellular energy, is an important regulator of both ULK1 and mTOR. The activation of AMPK by increases in the intracellular ratio of AMPK/ATP leads to the activation of autophagy via both inhibition of mTOR and activation of ULK1 (31).

Does taking medication affect autophagy?

In addition, more and more compounds that modulate autophagy are being revealed, both new molecules and FDA-approved drugs such as antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs. Thus, autophagy induction may be seen as a non-specific side effect of many drugs, including antidepressants.

How do you inhibit Mitophagy?

3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is successfully used to suppress mitophagy. Solutions of 3-MA are best fresh-prepared by heating. Brefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic and ATPase inhibitor for protein transport with IC50 of 0.2 μM in HCT 116 cells, induces cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis.

How to classify autophagy inducers?

Chemical genomic analyses of autophagy induction patterns associated with small molecules We used a chemical genomic approach to classify these autophagy inducers based on their modulation of the autophagy induction patterns associated with various known chemical inhibitors.

What is autophagy inhibitor?

Autophagy Inducers and Inhibitors Small molecules able to inhibit or induce autophagic activity provide a mechanism to modulate and study autophagy at the single cell and organismal level. In contrast to genetic models, pharmacological agents allow temporal and dose control.

How do inhibitors of mTOR induce autophagy?

Direct inhibitors of mTOR and those of pathways activating mTOR, subsequently induce autophagy. In addition, Beclin1 is negatively regulated by caspases, the inhibitors of which act to promote Beclin1 action to induce the initial stages of autophagy. Furthermore, inhibitors of the 26S proteasome and the epigenetic regulators,…

How do caspase inhibitors promote autophagy?

For example, Beclin1 being negatively regulated by caspases, the use of caspase inhibitors allows the initial stages of autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of the 26S proteasome results in the stabilization of Atg protein levels, thus promoting the autophagy process.